pathoscribe

Written by Chandana Nanjaiah | Art by Charlene Cheng

Receiving a diagnosis of breast cancer is a life-altering experience that affects nearly 1 in 8 women in the United States at some point in their lives.  The good news is that early detection significantly increases the chances of successful treatment. Regular screenings like mammograms are crucial in catching the disease early. While breast cancer presents a complex challenge, ongoing research is constantly leading to advancements in detection, prevention, and treatment. Knowing the various aspects of this disease empowers both individuals and healthcare professionals to fight it effectively.

Several factors can increase a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer, including age and family history. Genetics undoubtedly plays a significant role in breast cancer risk. Specific mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, significantly elevate susceptibility.  These mutations are found in genes that normally act as tumor suppressors, working to repair DNA damage and prevent uncontrolled cell growth. However, when mutated, BRCA1 and BRCA2 lose their effectiveness, leaving cells vulnerable to the development of cancer. However, it’s important to remember that genetics aren’t the only factor. Lifestyle choices play a huge role in one’s risk of breast cancer. Obesity, particularly in postmenopausal women, is associated with an increased risk due to factors like increased estrogen levels. Similarly, excessive alcohol consumption disrupts hormone balance and can contribute to breast cancer development. Maintaining a healthy weight and engaging in regular physical activity can help lessen this risk. 

Just like any other health concern, symptoms of breast cancer can vary. Some women may not experience any. The most common signs can include a lump in the breast or armpit. Changes in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast, along with nipple discharge, and alterations in the skin of the breast (such as dimpling or redness) can also be indicators. It’s essential to remember that these symptoms can also be associated with benign conditions. However, consulting a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis is crucial.

Early detection of breast cancer is critical for improving treatment outcomes. Several diagnostic methods are generally used Some methods are mammograms, the most widely used screening method utilizing X-rays to detect abnormalities in breast tissue. Ultrasounds, which use sound waves to create a picture of the breast, are often utilized to differentiate between solid lumps and fluid-filled cysts. If further confirmation is needed, a biopsy is performed, where a small tissue sample is extracted from the breast and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells The course of treatment for breast cancer depends on various factors, including the stage and type of cancer, the patient’s overall health, and personal preferences. Common treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. Surgery may involve removing the entire breast (mastectomy) or only a portion (lumpectomy). Radiation therapy utilizes high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy involves administering powerful drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. For hormone receptor-positive cancers, hormone therapy blocks the growth of cancer cells. Targeted therapy offers a more precise option by targeting specific vulnerabilities within cancer cells.

While breast cancer primarily affects women, it’s important to remember that men can also develop it, although it’s rare. Regardless of gender, being aware of the potential for this disease and its risk factors allows for earlier detection and better treatment outcomes.

Breast cancer remains a common health concern for women. While certain risk factors exist, early detection through regular screenings and prompt medical attention upon experiencing any symptoms are crucial for successful treatment. Various treatment options are available, and advancements in medical research continue to offer hope for improved outcomes and potentially even cures in the future.

Works Cited:

“Basic Information about Breast Cancer.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 25 July 2023, www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/index.htm. 

“Breast Cancer.” Stanford Health Care, https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/breast-cancer.html.

“Breast Cancer.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer.